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General
- Zinc is a metallic
chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. In
nonscientific context it is sometimes called spelter.Commercially pure
zinc is known as Special High Grade, often abbreviated SHG, and is
99.995% pure.
- Zinc is a moderately
reactive bluish grey metal that tarnishes in moist air and burns in air
with a bright bluish-green flame, giving off fumes of zinc oxide. It
reacts with acids, alkalis and other non-metals.
- Zinc deficiency
occurs where insufficient zinc is available for metabolic needs. It is
usually nutritional, but can also be associated with malabsorption,
acrodermatitis enteropathica, chronic liver disease, chronic renal
disease.
Application
- Zinc coatings are
widely used to protect finished products ranging from structural
steelwork for buildings and bridges, to nuts, bolts, strip, sheet, wire
and tube.
- A zinc alloy
containing of 30% aluminium and 5% per cent copper (known in the United
Kingdom as Alzen 305) can be used to replace phosphor bronze in some
bearing applications, particularly for high loads and low speeds. This
alloy can also be extruded.
- zinc sheet is used
for architectural purposes it has a wide range of other applications,
including electrical and engineering components, printing, organ pipes,
coffin linings, gaskets, stencils, bar and table tops, with new uses
continually being developed.
Process
- Zinc concentration
is usually done at the mine site, prior to reaching the zinc processing
plant. The concentration includes crushing and flotation
techniques.
- At the zinc
processing plant, the zinc is first reduced using pyrometallurgical
methods, including distillation, or hydrometallurgical methods,
including electrowinning, calcination, leaching, or purification. The
electrowinning process is most commonly used.
- Electrowinning uses
an electrolytic cell to reduce the zinc. An electric current is run from
a lead-silver anode through a zinc solution. The zinc deposits on an
aluminum cathode and is harvested. The zinc is then melted and cast into
ingots.
- Zinc metal is
extracted from the purified solution by means of
electrolysis.
Market
- Despite its
declining share of world consumption, the U.S. economy still plays an
important role in the world zinc markets, mainly because many countries
depend on exports of zinc and zinc-containing products to the United
States.
- At 270,000 t/yr,
CEZinc is one of the largest zinc processing facilities in the world;
Noranda estimated that it supplied about 15% of zinc demand in the
United States and about 35% of demand in Canada.
- The USA’s dominance
of the global zinc market has increased with mines in Alaska accounting
for more than 50% of the USA’s zinc and lead. Zinc prices increased
sharply from a low of US$0.33/lb in 2002 to a high of US$2.09 on Nov.
24, 2006.
- Zinc demand in China
was forecast to exceed mine production by 540,000 tonnes annually;
however, destocking led to an actual deficit of 320,000 tonnes.Zinc
metal exports from China declined to 465,900 tonnes in 2003 and 223,900
tonnes in 2004. With these declines, China became a significant net
importer of zinc
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