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General
- Yttrium is a chemical element that
has the symbol Y and atomic number 39.
- A silvery metallic transition
metal, yttrium is common in rare-earth minerals and two of its compounds
are used to make the red color phosphors in cathode ray tube displays,
such as those used for televisions.
- Yttrium is a silver-metallic,
lustrous rare earth metal that is relatively stable in air. When yttrium
is finely divided, it is very unstable in air.
Application
- The radioactive isotope Yttrium-90
is used for treatment of various cancers, including lymphoma, leukemia,
ovarian, colorectal, pancreatic, and bone cancers.
- Yttrium also can be used in laser
systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization reactions. It also
has potential use in ceramic and glass formulas, as the oxide has a high
melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion
characteristics to glass.
- Small quantities of yttrium are
used as dopants for synthetic crystalline materials, eg, yttrium
aluminium garnets (YAG) and yttrium aluminium perovskites for lasers and
scintillators.
Extraction
- Equilibrium acidity of 0.7mol/L
the obtained extraction efficiency for yttrium is about yttrium 28.0%,
showing that almost all the yttrium in the feeding aqueous solution
remains in the raffinate.
- The extraction were carried
out by shaking 20 ml of the aqueous and organic phases in a separation
funnel. An digital Ikalabortechnik mechanical shaker equipment, model
HS501, was employed.
- In this process, the YAG material
and dopant are melted in an Iridium crucible that is heated by induction
and the crystal is grown under computer control. Depending on crystal
size, from four to eight weeks are required to complete the growth
cycle.
Market
- Yttrium production and marketing
within China continued to be competitive; however, prices remained
steady. China was the source of most of the world’s supply of yttrium
from its weathered clay ion-absorption ore deposits in the southern
Provinces of Guangdong and Jiangxi.
- The largest market of yttrium is
composed of CRT, PDP, Lamp, LED, and other phosphors, and the high
purity of the yttrium compounds is needed for the composite oxides of
Y+Eu, Y+Tb, and Y+Zr.
- World production of rare earths is
around 100,000 t/y rare earth oxide (REO). Output of yttrium is
significantly less, of the order of 2,500 t/y yttrium oxide (Y2O3).
Global production data for scandium are not publicly
available.
- India is the second-largest source
of yttrium, which is derived from its monazite production.
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