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General
- The term xylene
refers to a group of three benzene derivatives which are used as a
solvent and in the printing, rubber, and leather industries. Xylene
is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquid that is very flammable.
- The three forms
of xylene in which the methyl groups vary on the benzene ring: meta-xylene,
ortho-xylene, and para-xylene (m-, o-, and p-xylene). These
different forms are referred to as isomers.
- Xylenes are
flammable liquids and fire hazards. When heated to decomposition,
xylenes emit acrid smoke and fumes.
Process
- The effect of H2
on isomerization pathways and on the acid site density onWOx-ZrO2
catalysts was explored using kinetic measurements of acid-catalyzed
o-xylene isomerization reactions.
- The Badger/Niro
Para-xylene Crystallization process recovers high-purity para-xylene
from aromatic streams.
- PX-PlusTM
process, which selectively disproportionates toluene to para-xylene
and benzene.
- HySorbTM process,
which involves adsorptive concentration of para-xylene.
- Peroxide and
formaldehyde modifications are presented in improved
indophenol-xylene extraction method which minimize the interference
due to reduced tin and iron, sulfite, and reductones.
Application
- Xylene is used as
a solvent, to manufacture gasoline, as a raw material for the
production of organic chemicals used to make polyester fibers, and
to make dyes and insecticides.
- Other uses are in
sterilizing catgut and in microscopy.
- p-Xylene, the
most important commercial isomer, is primarily converted for use in
fibers, films, or resins, including polyester fibers which are used
for household fabrics, carpets, and clothing.
- Xylene has been
used as a polymerization solvent for acrylic resins and as a reflux
solvent in the manufacturing alkyd and polyester resins.
- Xylene has been
traditionally used as a clearing agent in tissue processing for many
years, primarily because it is miscible with both alcohol and wax
while doing an excellent job of clearing the tissue of alcohol
Technology
- The isomeric
concentrations of meta, ortho, and para xylene are important to
quantify for the production of many polymer compounds. Raman
spectroscopy technique presents the fastest and easiest method of
making this determination.
- PVA-fixed fecal
material which was previously examined by the standard technique and
found to contain the protozoans indicated below was selected to
evaluate Hemo-De as a xylene substitute in the trichrome staining
technique
Market
- Due to its
downstream demand, the para-xylene market is robust and generally
sees steady year-on-year demand growth in the range of 6-8% per
year.
- Worldwide
para-xylene production capacity exceeded the demand by more than 4.5
million metric tons per annum (MMTA), lowering the average capacity
utilization to less than 80%.
- All producers
have captive supplies of mixed xylenes. Large quantities of
unisolated o-xylene in mixed xylene streams are used in gasoline or
isomerized to p-xylene.
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