General
- A phosphate, in
inorganic chemistry, is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry,
a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid.
Phosphates are important in biochemistry and biogeochemistry.
- The phosphate ion is
a polyatomic ion with the empirical formula PO43−
and a molar mass of 94.973 g/mol; it consists of one central phosphorus
atom surrounded by four identical oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral
arrangement.
Production
Process
- Tetrasodium
pyrophosphate can be prepared by molecular dehydration of dibasic sodium
phosphate at 500°C. Another way to prepare Tetrasodium pyrophosphate
involves the calcination of sodium tripolyphosphate and a sodium salt
- Sodium phosphates are
generally prepared by the partial or total neutralization of phosphoric
acid using sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide (Ashford, 1994).
- Yeasts have been
known to humans for thousands of years as they have been used in
fermentation processes like the production of alcoholic beverages and
bread leavening.
Applications &
Technology
- Phosphates play an
important role in chemical leavening systems by reacting with baking
soda to spur leavening in a variety of products, including cookies,
tortillas and pizza.
- Sodium acid
pyrophosphates are the most common phosphates used in chemical leaveners.
- Calcium phosphate
manufactured samples, typically produced with hydroxyapatite, are used
as spacers or fillers in orthopedic reconstruction and as fillers in
maxillofacial applications.
- Dicalcium phosphate (DCP)
production process was named "low-temperature endothermic". Further
technological modernization results in change calcium hydroxide-dolomite
mixture
used as raw material with calcium carbonate and elimination of the
dolomite as raw material.
Market
- Phosphate fertiliser
consumption in the EU also shows a downward trend. Since the peaks of
consumption during the1970s and 1980s, a reduction of 45% was recorded,
and further decrease is expected for the future. The average share of
fertilisers in total farming costs is generally around 10% or less.
- The higher
level of production of processed phosphates in major consuming countries
such as China, India, and, to some extent, Brazil continues to be
supplemented with imports from key exporters. In the next five years,
new projects for the manufacturing of processed phosphates are expected
to come on stream in Algeria, Brazil, China and India.
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