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General
- Papain is a cysteine
protease hydrolase enzyme present in papaya (Carica papaya) and mountain
papaya (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis).
- Papain consists of a
single polypeptide chain with three disulfide bridges and a sulfhydryl
group necessary for activity of the enzyme.
- The papain has strong
biological activity and the decomposing ability of protein.
- Papain has a mild,
soothing effect on the stomach and aids in protein digestion.
- It is a
common ingridient in brewery and meat processing.
Production &
Process
- Papain is usually
produced as a crude, dried material by collecting the latex from the
fruit of the papaya tree.
- The papaya is
believed native to tropical America, perhaps in southern Mexico and
neighboring Central America.
- Papain is obtained by
cutting the skin of the unripe but almost mature papaya and then
collecting and drying the latex which flows from the cuts.
- The method of drying
is the main factor that determines the final quality of papain.
Uses
- Papain is used in the
pharmaceutical industry, in medicine as well as in the food processing
industry.
- Use of papain in the
meat industry for the tenderisation of meat and the production of meat
tenderising powders.
- Papain is commonly
used in cell isolation procedures where it has proven more efficient and
less destructive than other proteases on certain tissues.
- Papain has been
employed to treat ulcers, dissolve membranes in diphtheria, and reduce
swelling, fever and adhesions after surgery.
Technology
- A two-stage papain
technique is described in which cell washing after papain treatment is
replaced by the addition of a specific papain inhibitor.
-
The tenderizing effects of crude
papain, crystalline papain, denatured crude papain, ashed crude papain
and sodium chloride has been studied using injection technique.
-
The
value of
activated
papain solution for red cell
grouping has been
investigated using Low's technique.
Market
- The market for papain
in Europe is getting smaller as alternatives are found and it may be
banned from some foods (eg beers) in the near future.
- The principal
producers of crude papain are Zaire, Tanzania, Uganda and Sri Lanka.
Most of the spray-dried papain comes from Zaire.
-
Demand for papain from breweries is declining as cheaper
and more readily available substitutes are being used to emulate
papain’s function.
- The US
market has been estimated at up to double the EU market or roughly 300
to 400 Mts per year.
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