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General
- Osmium is a chemical
element that has the symbol Os and atomic number 76.
- Osmium is a hard,
brittle, blue-gray or blue-black transition metal in the platinum
family.
- Osmium is found in
nature as an alloy in platinum ore.
- Osmium is generally
considered to be the densest known element, narrowly defeating iridium.
- Osmium is uneffected
by water and acids, but dissolves with molten alkalis.
- Osmium is unworkable
as a metal.
Process
- Osmium is obtained
when platinum metal is extracted from its ores.
- For osmium analyses,
platinum filaments are required. Because platinum very often contains
considerable amounts of osmium, rhenium and tungsten, it is essential to
use ultra pure platinum material.
- Osmium catalysed
aminohydroxylation of (E)-stilbene 1 with chloramine-T yielded varying
amounts of an amino ketone.
- The majority of
osmium is produced either as osmium tetroxide or metallic osmium.
Application
- The major use of
Osmium tetroxide material is for histological examination of tissue
specimens.
- A substantial
fraction of the osmium consumed by the chemical industry is apparently
used for research purposes.
- Osmium, or its
alloys, is still used for pivots, bearings, phonograph needles, and
engraving tools because of its hardness.
- Osmium, used
primarily in pen nibs and armor-piercing weapon shells.
- Osmium isotopes in
seawater sediment can be used to reveal ancient meteorite strikes.
Technology
- The hypothesis of the
significance of the black precipitate formed in osmium preparations can
be tested using Osmium techniques.
- A new technique,
fixing with high levels of glutaraldehyde,replacing osmium with tannic
acid followed by other heavy metals and p-phenylenediamine, and
embedding in Epon.
- A newly acquired mass
spectrometer MI 1201 by the Mass Spectrometry Laboratory will be adapted
to determine rhenium and osmium isotope concentrations using negative
thermal ionization mass spectrometry (NTIMS).
Market
- Osmium has only
limited use in relatively expensive end-products because of its high
cost, fluctuating price, and short supply.
- Existing markets for
osmium metal are very competitive; consequently, suppliers and dealers
are reluctant to disclose information on either uses or consumers.
- Engelhard Industries,
a major producer of osmium.
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