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General
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Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn.
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It has
the atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature (often in
combination with iron), and in many minerals.
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Manganese is a gray-white metal, resembling iron.
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It is
a hard metal and is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily
oxidized.
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Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic.
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Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses.
Manganese ions are variously colored, and are used industrially as
pigments and as oxidation chemicals.
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Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure
metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at
ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at
ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and
capable of being bent.
Applications
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Manganese has played a key role in the development of various
steelmaking processes and its continuing importance is indicated by the
fact that about 90% of all manganese consumed annually goes into steel
as an alloying element.
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Manganese is a key component of low-cost stainless steel formulations
and certain widely used alumimum alloys.
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Manganese dioxide is also used as a catalyst.
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Manganese is used to decolorize glass and make violet coloured glass.
Potassium permanganate is a potent oxidizer and used as a disinfectant.
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Other
compound that find application are Manganese oxide (MnO) and manganese
carbonate (MnCO3): the first goes into fertilizers and ceramics, the
second is the starting material for making other manganese compounds.
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In the
human body, manganese functions as an enzyme activator and as a
component of metalloenzymes.
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Manganese activates the enzymes responsible for the utilization of
several key nutrients including biotin, thiamin, ascorbic acid, and
choline.
Market
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Total
world production of manganese alloys reached 11.8 million metric tons.
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Out of
a manganese ore production of over 34 million tons per year, 13 million
tons come onto the international market. A few producing countries,
Australia, Brazil, Gabon and South Africa, account for over 85% of the
world’s supply.
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Today,
most of the manganese requirements of industrialized countries are
supplied in the form of alloys. As a result, the UK and Germany have has
almost completely abandoned local production of manganese alloys and the
USA is now only a minor producer. In Europe, countries such as France,
Norway and Spain have continued to be large exporters of these
ferro-alloys.
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