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General
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Isobutylene (or 2-methylpropene) is a hydrocarbon of significant
industrial importance.
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It is
a four-carbon branched alkene (olefin), one of the four isomers of
butylene.
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At
standard temperature and pressure it is a colorless flammable gas.
Process
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Isobutylene can be isolated from refinery streams by reaction with
sulfuric acid, but the most common industrial method for its production
is by catalytic dehydrogenation of isobutane.
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Alkylating isobutylene mixed with normal olefins will result in the
production of more heavy alkylate due to isobutylene - n-olefin
reactions.
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There
are two principle sources of highly purity isobutylene. One is the
decomposition of MTBE to isobutylene and methanol, and the other is the
dehydrogeneration of isobutane.
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Distillation is the another possibility for the production of
isobutylene. For this FCC butenes should be partially hydrogeneted to
both eliminate most of the butadiene and also isomerize most 1-butene to
2-butene.
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Isobutylene is the most explored monomer which is polymerized by
controlled/living cationic polymerization.
Uses
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Isobutylene is used as an intermediate in the production of a variety of
products. It is reacted with methanol and ethanol manufacture of
gasoline oxygenates methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tert-butyl
ether (ETBE), respectively.
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Isobutylene is also used in the production of methacrolein.
Polymerization of isobutylene produces butyl rubber (polyisobutylene).
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Antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated
hydroxyanisole (BHA) are produced by Friedel-Crafts alkylation of
phenols using isobutylene.
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