General
- The earliest
grape consumers were probably hunter/gatherers who included the wild
fruit in their diet along with such savory delicacies as woolly
mammoth and wild boar. one of the earliest cultivated fruits on Earth.
The grape that became known as vitis vinifera originated in the Black
Sea region and spread rapidly southward to the Middle East.
- Grapes
were being cultivated in Mesopotamia as early as 6,000 BC. From there,
the vinifera grape spread eastward to Phoenicia and Egypt. Winemaking
was a primary use for grapes from the beginning, but the ancient
Greeks were the first civilization to make a serious practice of grape
growing and winemaking. The Greeks even had a god of the vine.
Process
- The vine
shoots are fastened and side shoots are cut out before bunch forming
.The bunches are pruned
to the required length during bunch forming and thinned where
necessary. Pre-packaging
preparations include the clean cutting of grapes and grading as Class
1 or Class 2.
- Bunched are
packed individually in plastic and then in cartons according to
weight. The grapes are cooled to 5ºC after harvesting during the time
span of 3 hours. After palletizing it is cooled further to 0.5°C
during 18 hours in cold storage.
Technology
- The researchers
have been comparing gene expression in grapes grown under different
management regimes and at different times of berry development
discovery of all the genes in the grapevine genome; development of a
framework for a genetic map of the genome; production of genetic maps
based on new DNA marker types; and application of the information for
improving vines, grapes and wine.
- One gene
could make in grapevines (and many other plants), consider the gene
that controls gibberellic acid (GA) perception. GA is a plant growth
hormone produced in different parts of the plant at different times
during development.
Market
-
World production of fresh
table grapes in selected countries is unchanged at 11.2 million tons.
Next year’s production expectations are for stable world production,
again around 11 million tons. Southern hemisphere production declined
2 percent but was offset by slight increases in the northern
hemisphere mostly due to a 100,000-ton production increase in China.
-
This increase is based
on more previously-planted acreage now bearing fruit combined with
additional grape area planted. Production of Chilean grapes is
expected to decline 45,000 tons from the previous year’s abundant
crop. Grape acreage has leveled off in Chile and any variation in
production is mostly due to changes in variety. Italy’s table
grape crop declined by about 65,000 tons, due to the summer
drought.
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