Ethanol - General, Production, Project, Technology, Consultants, Scenario in India, Suppliers, Market

General

Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid.
It is best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages and in thermometers. In common usage, it is often referred to simply as alcohol.
Ethanol is also known as EtOH, using the common organic chemistry notation of representing the ethyl group (C2H5) with Et.
It can be used as a fuel, mainly as a biofuel alternative to gasoline.

Production

Ethanol can be mass-produced by fermentation of sugar or by hydration of ethylene (ethene CH2=CH2) from petroleum and other sources.
The basic steps for large scale production of ethanol are: microbial (yeast) fermentation of sugars, distillation, dehydration, and denaturing.
Currently, the most widely used purification method is a physical absorption process using a molecular sieve.
Another method, azeotropic distillation, is achieved by adding the hydrocarbon benzene which also denatures the ethanol (to render it undrinkable for duty purposes). A third method involves use of calcium oxide as a desiccant.
During the ethanol production process, two valuable co-products are created: carbon dioxide and distillers grains.

Technology

The ability to make ethanol from straw- rice straw, wheat straw, oat straw, etc is the modern day equivalent of the Holy Grail or the Philosopher’s Stone.
It involves a genetically modified organism: a genetically engineered yeast to convert glucose AND xylose into ethanol.
Some biological processes have rendered possible routes for producing ethanol and methane in large volumes.
A worldwide interest in the utilization of bio-ethanol as an energy source has stimulated studies on the cost and efficiency of industrial processes for ethanol production.
Traditionally, ethanol has been produced in batch fermentation with yeast strains that can- not tolerate high concentration of ethanol.
Zymomonas mobilis, a gram-negative bacterium, is considered as an alternative organism in large-scale fuel ethanol production.

Report

Cellulose ethanol has two unique advantages over conventional ethanol. First, the greenhouse gas emission reductions from cellulose ethanol are three times greater than those from grain based ethanol on a life cycle basis.
Second, cellulose ethanol is made from a plentiful and renewable resource, the non-food portion of agriculture crops (e.g. straw, corn stalks and corn cobs).
The growth in domestic ethanol production over recent years has been well-documented. Increases in ethanol production reflected comparable growth in U.S. ethanol production capacity.

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