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General
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An
electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of
electrical energy supplied to or produced by a residence, business or
machine.
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The
most common type is more properly known as a kilowatt hour meter or a
joule meter.
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When
used in electricity retailing, the Utilities record the values measured
by these meters to generate an invoice for the electricity. They may
also record other variables including the time when the electricity was
used.
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Modern
electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous
voltage (volts) and current (amperes) and finding the product of these
to give instantaneous electrical power (watts) which is then integrated
against time to give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc).
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The
meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical and electronic.
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A
Smart meter generally refers to a type of advanced meter (usually an
electrical meter) that identifies consumption in more detail than a
conventional meter; and optionally, but generally, communicates that
information via some network back to the local utility for monitoring
and billing purposes (telemetering).
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The
term "Smart meter" typically refers to an electrical meter, but the term
is also starting to be applied to the measurement of natural gas and
water consumption.
Design
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Analog
part of the solid-state energy meter consists of following blocks: two
sigma-delta modulators, bandgap voltage reference, two buffer circuits,
and analog multiplexer.
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It is
a mixed-signal chip for active, reactive and apparent power measurement.
The power is calculated as a product of measured voltage and current.
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The
functionality and the performance of an electronic energy meter
outperform those of the traditional Ferraris wheel meter. One advantage
of an electronic meter in monitoring nonlinear loads is its high
metering accuracy- electronic measurements are more robust and accurate.
Applications
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Large
commercial and industrial premises may use electronic meters which
record power usage in blocks of half an hour or less. This is because
most electricity grids have demand surges throughout the day, and the
power company may wish to give incentives to large customers to reduce
demand at these times.
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The
electronic power meters are preferred both by the consumers and the
energy enterprises because they offer significant advantages in the
accounting process as accurate readouts, flexible schemes for tariffs,
for payment and other possibilities.
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Energy
meters (e-meters) are used worldwide to account for individual usage of
electricity at the location of delivery.
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Historically these meters have been electromechanical in nature, and
periodic on-site reading of the meters was necessary to collect usage
information for customer billing.
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The
latest generation of meters is electronic and provides new features
including networked communications, self-test, and intelligent
accounting for various time periods.
Technology
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The
electronic metering raises demands for new technologies to be developed
to utilize more deeply the information generated in the accounting
process.
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A need
emerges for intelligent information processing to allow the adequate
information integration and resource control in the energy distribution
network.
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The
technology under development is attempting to combine the modern
tendencies in the information processing with the practical and standard
means for realization.
Market
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The
advantages of highly functional three-phase meters for digital energy
measurement have been demonstrated in North America's commercial and
industrial markets.
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China
is currently deploying millions of single-phase digital energy meters
and is providing to be one of the more progressive nations when it comes
to installing high volumes of digital energy meters.
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Digital energy measurement technology is being used in millions of
Chinese energy meters today. Some Chinese meter manufacturers are eyeing
the export market.
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