General
- Citric acid is a weak
organic acid found in citrus fruits. It is a natural preservative and is
also used to add an acidic (sour) taste to foods and soft drinks.
- Citric acid exists in
a variety of fruits and vegetables, but it is most concentrated in
lemons and limes, where it can comprise as much as 8% of the dry weight
of the fruit.
- Citric acid was first
isolated in 1784 by a chemist, who crystallized it from lemon juice.
Industrial-scale citric acid production began in 1860, based on the
Italian citrus fruit industry.
Process
- A New fermentation
process for converting the carbohydrates of citrus wastes to citric acid
has been developed, although not necessarily novel, approach to disposal
of liquid wastes in the citrus industry.
- Solid-state
fermentation (SSF) process has become an alternative method for
citric acid production using agro-industrial residues such as cassava
bagasse (CB).
Production
- Citric acid is the
most important organic acid produced in tonnage by fermentation. Global
production of citric acid in 2004 was about 1.4 million tonnes estimated
by Business Communications Co. (BCC)
- A. niger has been
used in the citric acid production process, other strains of fungi apart
from A. niger, various kinds of yeast and some bacteria are known to
accumulate citric acid in the medium
- Citric acid is
produced commercially either by submerged fermentation or surface
fermentation employing various carbohydrate sources
Applications &
Technology
- A biodiesel fuel
byproduct called glycerol and an agricultural commodity called citric
acid can be chemically combined to produce biodegradable polymers that
could be used in produce packaging and other products
- Citric acid
fermentation by Aspergillus niger process was to quantify the effects of
changing spore inoculum level on the resulting mycelial morphology and
to investigate the physiology that underlines the phenomena.
- The crystallization
of Calcium sulfate dihydrate produced by the reaction between pure
Ca(OH)2 suspension and H2SO4 solution was investigated at different pH
values, temperatures and citric acid concentrations.
- The present
investigation deals with a novel technique for high and consistent yield
of citric acid in a fed-batch bioreactor of 9-L working volume.
Market
- Citric acid is also a
reactive intermediate in chemical synthesis. There is high demand for
this product in food and pharmaceutical Industry
-
Cheap, at about $1 to $1.3 a kilo, citric
acid dominates the category of organic acids, with production estimated
at 1.4 million tons.
-
The Commission fined five producers of
citric acid a total of €135.22 million for participating in what it
claims was a secret worldwide cartel.
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