General
- Bamboo is a member of
the bambusoideae, a subfamily of the grasses. For centuries bamboo has
been used in fishing, papermaking, landscape gardening, handicrafts,
fine arts, food, fodder, building, weapons and hundreds of other things.
Some cultures are based on bamboo; the shoots provide a large portion of
their food and the culms are used for building housing and for making
products that are sold as their only form of income.
- Bamboo has long
been used in handicrafts and as the raw material for thousands of
objects used in daily life and in the pursuit of a livelihood.The pulp
of bamboo is well suited to making fine papers of many varieties and
adaptations.In India bamboo pulp is blended with shorter weaker pulps
for making wrappings and fine papers. High-grade bamboo pulp can be, and
is, used in its pure state for making coated and uncoated book and
magazine papers. The high length to diameter ratio of bamboo pulps gives
it a special versatility in the paper making process.
Manufacturing Process
- Bamboo is
botanically classified as a grass and for pulping purposes it is
regarded as an annual plant. Bamboo pulp is very similar to softwood
in terms of fiber length and strength. Hence, bamboo can be pulped
together with hardwood. Mixed cooking provides stronger pulp than
hardwood pulped separately and later mixed with bamboo. Bamboo can
also be cooked with acacia.
- Bamboo Paper has
a distinct brush-pen effect thet makes it popular amongst
calligraphers. Bamboo Pulp(up to 80%) is regularly used in
conjunction with timber pulp to produce newsprint and other standard
paper types. Bamboo Pulp can also be used to produce rayon. One ton
of traditional Indian handmade paper, produced from cotton rag
waste, saves an estimated 277 Eucalyptus or 462 bamboo trees that
would be required to make the same quantity of conventional mill
made paper.
Application
& Technology
-
Bamboo fibre spins
nicely. This fiber is a natural cellulose fiber, can achieve natural
degradation in the soil, and it won't cause any pollution to the
environment. Bamboo can be spun purely or blended with other
materials such as cotton, hemp, silk, Lyocell(Tencel)), Modal,
cotton chemical fiber and so no. After hi-tech disposal, bamboo
fibre is thinner than hair. It has a round and smooth surface. Thus
it has no stimulation against human skin. Bamboos usually grow
mixed with other species and they form the understorey in high
forests.
-
CPPRI has developed
the world’s first successful desilication technology for removal of
silica from black liquor. The technology has been successfully
tested in mills using bamboo and agro residues in India as well as
overseas. The technology can help in overcoming the major bottleneck
in adoption of chemical recovery system by agro based mills.
Market & Report
-
Bamboo and rattan constitute important species
occurring widely in the Indian forests. India is very rich in
bamboo diversity. There are 124 indigenous and exotic species, under
23 genera, found naturally and/or under cultivation. Clump forming
bamboo constitute over 67% of the total growing stock, of which
Dendrocalamus strictus is 45%, Bambusa bambos 13%, D. hamiltonii 7%,
B. tulda 5% and B. pallida 4%.
-
All
other species put together are 6%. Melocanna baccifera, a non-clump
forming bamboo, accounts for 20% of the growing stock and is found
in the north-eastern states. Bamboo falls into two main categories
according to growth pattern, (i) sympodial or clump forming, and
(ii) monopodial or non-clump forming, runner bamboo.
-
Agro-residue based mills use rice straw,
wheat, sarkanda grass (Saccharum spontaneous), bagasse, jute/rags.
The use of agricultural residue has grown due to the dwindling
bamboo resources and partly due to the government’s industrial
policy encouraging investments in agro-based paper production.
-
However, seasonal availability,
transportation costs, and investments in pollution control equipment
are seen as limiting factors. Wastepaper-based mills use imported
and indigenous wastepaper, corrugated waste paper, kraft paper, and
waste cuttings. The recovery of wastepaper has increased from 65 000
tonnes to 850 000 tonnes . However, the 20% rate of recovery
is still one of the lowest, internationally
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