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General
- Ammonia is a compound
with the formula NH3. It is normally encountered as a gas with a
characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the
nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to
foodstuffs and fertilizers.
- Ammonia, either
directly or indirectly, also is a building block for the synthesis of
many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and
hazardous.
- Ammonia, as used
commercially, is often called anhydrous ammonia. This term emphasizes
the absence of water in the material.
- "Household ammonia"
or "ammonium hydroxide" is a solution of NH3 in water. The strength of
such solutions is measured in units of baume , with 26 degrees baume.
Household ammonia ranges in concentration from 5 to 10 weight percent
ammonia.
Process
- In certain organisms,
ammonia is produced from atmospheric N2 by enzymes called nitrogenases.
The overall process is called nitrogen fixation.
- Ammonia is also a
metabolic product of amino acid deamination. Ammonia excretion is common
in aquatic animals. In humans, it is quickly converted to urea, which is
much less toxic.
- In the anaerobic
ammonium oxidation (anammox) process, ammonia is oxidized with nitrite
as primary electron acceptor under strictly anoxic conditions.
- Ammonia is found in
small quantities in the atmosphere, being produced from the putrefaction
of nitrogenous animal and vegetable matter.
Application
- Ammonia's
thermodynamic properties made it one of the refrigerants commonly used
prior to the discovery of dichlorodifluoromethane.
- Liquid ammonia was
used as the fuel of the rocket airplane, the X-15.
- Solutions of ammonia
in water can be applied on the skin to lessen the effects of acidic
animal poisons, especially insect poison and jellyfish poison.
- Ammonia used to scrub
SO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, the resulting product is converted
to ammonium sulfate for use as fertilizer.
Market
- The worldwide ammonia
production in 2004 was 109 million metric tonnes.
- The People's Republic
of China produced 28.4% of the worldwide production followed by India
with 8.6%, Russia with 8.4%, and the United States with 8.2%.
- About 80% or more of
the ammonia produced is used for fertilizing agricultural crops.Imports
of ammonia and other nitrogen products into the US market surged
temporarily and then fell back, although ammonia imports remain higher
than before the gas spike.
- Every ammonia
producer in the US needs to develop strategies to deal with an uncertain
future on energy costs, end-product prices and a changing international
market structure.
Report
- Ammonia is an
important source of nitrogen for living systems.
- Ammonium ions are a
toxic waste product of the metabolism in animals. In fishes and aquatic
invertebrates, it is excreted directly into the water.
- In mammals, sharks,
and amphibians, it is converted in the urea cycle to urea, because it is
less toxic and can be stored more efficiently.
- In birds, reptiles,
and terrestrial snails, metabolic ammonium is converted into uric acid,
which is solid, and can therefore be excreted with minimal water loss.
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