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General
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Aggregate is defined
as a granular material used in construction, which may be natural,
manufactured or re-cycled.
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Construction
aggregate, or simply "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse
particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel,
crushed stone, slag, and recycled concrete.
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Aggregates are a
component of composite materials such as concrete and asphalt concrete;
the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength to the overall
composite material.
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Natural Aggregates or
Primary Aggregates are naturally occurring materials of rock, sand and
gravel. These are extracted directly from land or marine sources for use
in construction.
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Secondary Aggregates
or Manufactured Aggregates are by-products of industrial processes such
as steel slag or pulverised fuel ash from power stations.
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Secondary Aggregates
also include Mineral Wastes, which are materials arising as a by-product
of mineral extraction. They are capable for use, either with or without
further treatment, as a primary aggregate substitute, e.g. slate waste
and certain crushed rock fines.
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Recycled Aggregates
are previously used materials that are capable of being substituted for
primary aggregates. These include waste material from construction
operations; the demolition of buildings or structures and railway
ballast.
Production Process
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Most lightweight
aggregate is produced from materials such as clay, shale, or slate.
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Blast furnace slag,
natural pumice, vermiculite, and perlite can be used as substitutes.
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To produce lightweight
aggregate, the raw material (excluding pumice) is expanded to about
twice the original volume of the raw material.
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The expanded material
has properties similar to natural aggregate, but is less dense and
therefore yields a lighter concrete product.
Uses
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Lightweight aggregate
is a type of coarse aggregate that is used in the production of
lightweight concrete products such as concrete block, structural
concrete, and pavement.
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Homes, offices,
warehouses, shopping centers, and workplaces all require foundations
composed of aggregate, as well as concrete footers, asphalt parking
lots, manufactured bricks, blocks and poured walls.
Market
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According to the USGS,
U.S. crushed stone production was 1.69 billion tonnes valued at $12.1
billion, of which limestone was 1,090 million tonnes valued at $7.49
billion from 1,904 quarries, granite was 263 million tonnes valued at
$2.16 billion from 339 quarries, traprock was 130 million tonnes valued
at $1.04 billion from 348 quarries, and the balance other kinds of stone
from 597 quarries.
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Currently, total U.S.
aggregate demand by final market sector was 30%-35% for non-residential
building (offices, hotels, stores, manufacturing plants, government and
institutional buildings, and others), 25% for highways, and 25% for
housing.
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Aggregates themselves
can be recycled as aggregates. Unlike deposits of sand and gravel or
stone suitable for crushing into aggregate, which can be anywhere and
may require overburden removal and/or blasting, "deposits" of recyclable
aggregate tend to be concentrated near urban areas, and production from
them cannot be raised or lowered to meet demand for aggregates.
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