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General
- Lindane is
an organochlorine insecticide, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane
(HCH) and benzene hexachloride (BHC). It has an LD50 of 88
mg/kg, and is a suspected carcinogen. Its method of action is
via interfering with the GABAa receptor/Cl- channel. It has been
used in agriculture and in pharmaceutical products for the
treatment of headlice and scabies.
- Lindane
is a chemical that kills insects, including head lice. It was
the active ingredient in Kwell lice shampoo, which is no longer
sold. Generic lindane is still available by prescription for
head lice.
Process
- g-HCH is
formed by the addition (oxidation) of chlorine (photochlorination)
to benzene. This reaction is started by free radical initiators
such as visual or ultraviolet light, X-rays, or g-rays, and
produces a number of stereoisomeric compounds with the molecular
formula C6H6Cl6. This mixture is commonly called technical
benzene hexachloride (BHC), and contains approximately 12-18 %
(IARC79: 20-22%) of the g-isomer.
Market
- Global use
of lindane is estimated to be 720 000 tonnes. Additionally, it
is estimated that 55 000 tonnes of technical HCH are used
world-wide.
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Large amounts of technical HCH continue to be used in India,
mostly for cotton protection and malaria control. 10 The United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) also reports that
technical HCH is still widely used in Asia and the countries of
the former Soviet Union. It is also suspected there are
stockpiles of lindane in various African and Asian countries and
in Russia.
Application
- In the US,
Alliant Pharmaceuticals sells a Lindane shampoo and a lotion
used to treat human scabies infection, head lice and other
ectoparasites. It is sold by prescription only, in a one-percent
formulation. It is considered a "second-line" treatment, to be
used only when other treatments have failed.It has recently been
banned for the treatment of head lice in California. In the
United States, the Food and Drug Administration requires these
products be labeled with prominent warnings about possible
neurotoxicity, particularly in young patients.
- g-HCH is
used for agricultural and horticultural uses including soil
treatment for the culture of maize, beet, certain cereals,
flower bulbs, and perennial plants, and in floriand
arboriculture, and treatment of seeds of maize, beet, and
certain cereals.
- Lindane is
an insecticide which acts by contact, ingestion and fumigation.
It has been used on a broad range of applications among which
the most important ones are in agriculture, horticulture and
forestry.
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