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General
- Cryolite (Na3AlF6,
sodium hexafluoroaluminate) is an uncommon mineral identified with the
once large deposit at Ivigtût on the west coast of Greenland,
which ran out in 1987.
- It was historically
used as an ore of aluminium and later in the electrolytic processing of
the aluminium rich oxide ore bauxite .
- The difficulty of
separating aluminium from oxygen in the oxide ores was overcome by the
use of cryolite as a flux to dissolve the oxide mineral.
- Cryolite itself melts
below 900°C (1173 Kelvin) and can dissolve aluminium oxides sufficiently
well to allow easy extraction of the aluminium by electrolysis.
Process
- The anodic behavior
of metals in molten cryolite-alumina melts has been investigated mostly
for use as inert anodes for the Hall-Héroult process.
- Cryolite is the
principal mineral of the aluminium fluoride lpouP, and the only one to
be of any commercial importance.
- Cryolite is a double
fluoride of sodium and aluminum, found as a mineral in southern
Greenland. As no other important deposit has been found, the supply is
limited, and only two or three manufacturers using this process are in
operation, one of which is in this country.
- Aluminium is produced
by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite-based melts.
Cryolite and aluminium fluoride also contain sulphur, mainly as
sulphates.
Application
- Cryolite has been
used as a pesticide.
- The cryolite
increases the conductivity and consequently the electricity yield.
- Multiple applications
of Cryolite during the growing season significantly increase fluoride in
wines. Therefore, Cryolite application rate and timing are critical to
ensure adequate insect control and minimize fluoride residues.
- The resultant alumina
(Al2O3) is dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6), forming an ionic and
electrically conductive solution. The aluminium produced is subsequently
alloyed depending on the required end-product.
Report
- Cryolite has also
been reported at Pikes Peak, Colorado; Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec; and
at Miass, Russia. It is also known in Brazil, Czech Republic, Namibia,
Norway, Ukraine, and several U.S. states.
- Cryolite was first
described for an occurrence in Ivigtut and Arksukfiord, West Greenland.
The name is derived from the Greek cryò = chill and lithòs = stone.
- Research at
California State University, Fresno has shown that certain applications
of Cryolite can significantly increase the amount of fluoride in wines.
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