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General
- Butadiene is a
colourless gas with a boiling point of – 4.4 °C at 1 atmosphere and
a density of 0.611g/ml at 20 °C. It is a flammable gas and has a
mildly aromatic odour. Its vapour pressure is 2100 mmHg at 25 °C and
the explosive limits are 2–11.5%. Butadiene is slightly soluble in
water (735 mg/litre) and is soluble in a number of organic solvents
including ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone, benzene, and polar and
nonpolar organic solvents.
- Butadiene is
not known to occur as a natural product. Sources of butadiene
include cigarette smoke,
motor vehicle exhaust, wood smoke and emissions from butadiene
production, storage, transport
and end-use.
Process
- Butadiene is
produced commercially by three processes: Steam Cracking of
Paraffinic Hydrocarbons: In this process, butadiene is a coproduct
in the manufacture of ethylene (the ethylene co-product process).,
Catalytic Dehydrogenation of n-Butane and n-Butene (the Houdry
process), Oxidative Dehydrogenation of n-Butene (the Oxo-D or O-X-D
process). Each of these processes produces a stream commonly
referred to as crude butadiene that is rich in 1,3-butadiene.
Uses
- Butadiene is
used in the production of resins and plastics including butadiene
rubber, styrene rubber, adiponitrile, polychloroprene, nitrile
rubber, styrene butadiene latex and acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene.
Synthetic rubber made from butadiene is used primarily in the
production of car tyres.
- 1,3-Butadiene
is used as a monomer in the production of rubber and plastics, with
approximately 75% going into the production of synthetic rubbers.
Market
- Butadiene is a
chemical intermediate used as a polymer component for the production
of synthetic rubber such as styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and
polybutadiene rubber (PBR), which in total consume more than 54% of
the global butadiene production.
- Global demand
of butadiene amounted to about 10 million tons in 2003, with growth
rates similar to worldwide GDP. It is expected that Asia will be the
main driver for demand of butadiene and ABS resin production rates
will correspondingly grow at high rates.
- Elastomers
will continue to be the largest consumer of butadiene and should
maintain their position of 61 percent of total consumption. However,
they are mature products that are heavily reliant on the automotive
industry
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