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General
- Bismuth is
a chemical element that has the symbol Bi and atomic number 83.
This heavy, brittle, white crystalline trivalent poor metal has
a pink tinge and chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Of
all the metals, it is the most naturally diamagnetic, and only
mercury has a lower thermal conductivity
- Bismuth is
a white, crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It
occurs in a native state. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all
metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal,
except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the
highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in
electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field).
Process
- The most
important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite.
Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth
producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained
as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold
ores.
- Bismuth is
recovered mainly during the smelting of copper and lead ores.
Bismuth-containing dust from copper smelting operations is
transferred to lead smelting operations for recovery. At lead
smelting operations, bismuth is recovered by one of two
processes: the Betterton-Kroll Process and the Betts
Electrolytic Process , Bismuth can also be recovered from other
bismuth -bearing materials by the process.
Market
- The
average price for bismuth in 2000 was US$ 7.70 per kilogram. It
is relatively cheap, since like lead (but to a much lesser
extent), it is radiogenic, being formed from the natural decay
of uranium and thorium (specifically, by way of neptunium-237 or
uranium-233).
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Significant growth in the bismuth market is attributed to its
physical properties being similar to lead except that it is non-toxic.This
is driving bismuth consumption in lead-free solders for the
plumbing and electronics industries, as well as for brasses,
alloys used in hot-dip galvanizing, paint pigments, ammunition,
radiation shielding and free cutting steel.The annual bismuth
market is in excess of 10,000 tonnes and recent growth
(approximately 15%) has been constrained almost entirely by a
lack of supply resulting in increases in price to more than
US$8.00/lb.
- The
average annual dealer price for bismuth increased to $3.91 per
pound, an increase of 17% more than that of 2004. Strong world
mine and refinery output especially from China helped to
moderate the price increase in light of continuing steady to
strong world demand.
- Worldwide
bismuth demand appeared to be increasing at about 3% to 5% per
year. Demand for bismuth in the steel sector, although
relatively minor compared with other use sectors, appeared to be
increasing. World consumption in the chemical fi eld seemed to
be rising, especially in Japan, as bismuth there was starting to
replace lead in pigments.
.Application
- Bismuth
oxychloride is sometimes used in cosmetics. Also bismuth
subnitrate and bismuth subcarbonate are used in medicine.
Bismuth subsalicylate (the active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol) is
used as an antidiarrheal and to treat some other
gastro-intestinal diseases. Also, bismuth subgallate (the active
ingredient in Devrom) is used as an internal deodorant to treat
malodor from flatulence (or gas) and stool..
- The field
of application of our bismuth-based chemicals is very broad and
extends from the pharmaceuticals industry via the substitution
of toxic lead compounds to the electronics industry, where
bismuth compounds are frequently used because of their unique
properties.
- Bismuth is
used in a number of very different applications. Almost none of
the uses is for pure metallic bismuth. The majority is consumed
in bismuth alloys, and in pharmaceuticals and chemicals. The
remainder is used in ceramics, paints, catalysts, and a variety
of minor applications
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