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General
- Metolachlor is a chloroacetanilide
type herbicide that is applied for preemergent control of grasses and
broadleaf weeds on agricultural crop land, including corn, soybeans,
sorghum and other crops, and on non-crop land for general weed control.
- Metolachlor was developed by
Ciba-Geigy. Its acts by inhibition of elongases and of the
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) cyclases, which are part of the
gibberellin pathway.
- Trade names for products containing
metolachlor include Bicep, CGA-24705, Dual, Pennant, and Pimagram.
- Metolachlor is produced from
2-ethyl-6-methylaniline ("MEA") via condensation with methoxyacetone.
The resulting imine is hydrogenated to give primarily the S-stereoisomeric
amine.
- It is classified as a Category C
pesticide by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
which indicates limited evidence of carcinogenicity.
Process
- Preparation of Sample : Weigh (to
the nearest 0.1 mg) enough sample to contain about 200 mg pure
metolachlor into a 50 ml volumetric flask.
- Pipet 0.50ml of the calibration
solution into the flask and dilute to volume with dichloromethane
and shake the flask for
about 10 minutes. In case of a dispersion centrifuge or filter the
dispersion through a 0.45 µm
filter.
- The c1ear solution is then ready
for injection.
Uses
- Metolachlor is a herbicide
used on a number of crops to control annual grasses and many
broad-leaved weeds.
- It is used for grass and
broadleaf weed control in corn, soybean, peanuts, sorghum, and
cotton. It is also used in combination with other herbicides.
- It is a germination inhibitor
active mainly on grasses at 1.0-2.5 kg ai/hectare Mixtures with
other herbicides are also used in broad beans, carrots, hemp,
lentils, paprika. Dual 8E is a selective herbicide for control
of annual grass weeds, yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), and
certain broadleaf species.
- In soil, metolachlor is
transformed to its metabolites primarily by biodegradation. The
half-life of metolachlor disappearance from soil is about 90
days, although very little mineralization has been observed.
Report
- Estimated usage of
metolachlor in the United States is 60-65 million pounds
active ingredient per year (Environmental Protection Agency,
1997).
- In a study by Hall et al.
(1999), metolachlor showed an average acute toxicity level
of 53 μg/L based on acute laboratory studies and sensitivity
to metolachlor was as follows: plants – 106 μg/L, benthos –
3,103 μg/L, and fish – 4,334 μg/L.
- Metolachlor’s half-life
in soil varies depending on soil type and environmental
conditions, and is estimated to be between 15-132 days (USDA
1995, Extoxnet, 2000a, and Kollman and Segawa, 1997).
- In a study of surface
water samples in 1997, metolachlor was detected in 1644
samples (from 312 locations in 14 states) at a maximum
concentration of 138 ppb. The high concentrations were
probably the result of runoff during spring and summer
applications to crops.
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