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Lead Oxide
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Lead(II)
oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula PbO. Lead(II) oxide
occurs in two polymorphs, red, having a tetragonal crystal structure and
yellow, having an orthorhombic crystal structure.
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Lead
oxide is a general term and can be either lead monoxide or "litharge" (PbO);
lead tetroxide or "red lead" (Pb 3 O4 ); or black or "gray" oxide which
is a mixture of 70 percent lead monoxide and 30 percent metallic lead.
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PbO is
produced on a large scale as an intermediate in the conversion of lead
ores, mainly galena into metallic lead.
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Commercial lead oxides can all be prepared by wet chemical methods. With
the exception of lead dioxide, lead oxides are produced by thermal
processes in which lead is directly oxidized with air.
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Three
processes are used commercially in the moderate temperature range:
refractory furnace, rotary tube furnace, and the Barton Pot process.
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PbO is
used extensively in manufacturing of lead glasses and ceramic glazes as
well as in fine dinnerware.
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It is
also used as an activator in rubber, a curing agent in elastomers, a
sulfur removal agent in the production of thioles and in oil refining,
and an oxidation catalyst in several organic chemical processes.
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Lead is
bought and sold by many countries on the world market, in the forms of
ore, impure metal and refined metal, as well as final products.
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Total
production includes both lead from ore (primary lead) and secondary
lead, produced from scrap batteries and other lead-containing products.
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World-wide, production of refined lead from scrap and other secondary
sources now accounts for approximately 60% of total lead production.
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Lead
additions improve the appearance and cutting properties of crystal
glass. Small additions are also made to optical and electrical
glass. The major application of leaded glass is in television screens
and computer monitors, to protect viewers from the harmful X‐rays
generated by these appliances.
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Red lead
(lead oxide) is the basic paint primer for iron and steel.
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Lead‐acid
batteries for automotive, industrial and consumer purposes account for
70% of the world’s demand for lead.
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The lead
price is moving on rise trend like other metal. In the past year 2004
and 2005 was highly volatile for lead prices
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