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- Desalination is a process that removes
salts and other dissolved solids from brackish water or seawater.
- A desalination plant can be located on
the coast or inland, depending on the water source.
- There are several methods of
Desalination treatment in use today. The major methods are
categorized into two types: thermal and membrane.
- The desalination process produces two
streams of water.
- One stream, called product water,
is the desalinated water that is nearly devoid of salts and
minerals.
- The second stream, called brine or
concentrate, contains high concentrations of salts and minerals
(such as iron, chlorides, and sulfates) that remain after the
desalination process.
- A desalination plant can be located on
the coast or inland, depending on the water source.
- Technologies developed for
desalination applications include distillation, reverse osmosis,
electro-dialysis, and vacuum freezing. Distillation technologies
include Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) and Multi-Stage Flashing
(MSF).
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The distillation process mimics the natural water cycle in that
saline water is heated, producing water vapour that is in turn
condensed to form fresh water.
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RO is
a membrane separation process in which the water from a
pressurised saline solution is separated from the solutes (the
dissolved material) by flowing through a membrane.
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The development of electrodialysis provided a cost-effective way
to desalt brackish water and spurred considerable interest in
this area.
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The
vapour compression (VC) distillation process is generally used
for small and medium scale sea water desalting units
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The
process which accounts for the most desalting capacity is
multi-stage flash distillation, commonly referred to as the MSF
process.
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The
multi effect distillation (MED) process has been used for
industrial distillation for a long time.
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The major
Desalination plant suppliers have been from Europe (35%),
Japan/Korea (28%) and the USA (27%). Most MSF plants have been
supplied by European or Japanese/Korean companies, whereas the USA
and Europe are the most important sources for RO plants.
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Worldwide
membrane and thermal desalination capacity is over 11 billion
gallons per day from over 12 thousand plants, worth $9.2 billion per
year, growing at rate of 12% per year.
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