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Cytokines
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- Cytokines are small
cell-signaling protein molecules that are secreted by the glial
cells of the nervous system and by numerous cells of the immune
system and are a category of signaling molecules used extensively in
intercellular communication.
- Cytokines can be
classified as proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins; the term
"cytokine" encompasses a large and diverse family of regulators
produced throughout the body by cells of diverse embryological
origin.
- Cytokines have been
classed as lymphokines, interleukins, and chemokines, based on their
presumed function, cell of secretion, or target of action.
- Cytokines are small
secreted proteins which mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation,
and hematopoiesis.
- Cytokines regulate the
intensity and duration of the immune response by stimulating or
inhibiting the activation, proliferation, and/or differentiation of
various cells and by regulating their secretion of Abs or other
cytokines.
- Cytokines/immunocytokines,
were initially used to separate the immunomodulatory proteins, also
called immunotransmitters, from other growth factors that modulate
proliferation and bioactivities of non-immune cells.
- Cytokines play an
important role in the understanding and treatment of diseases in
many medical specialties.
- Cytokines are highly
pharmacologically active and thus may be effective agents for
modifying biological responses.
- In Previous Years, US
sales of cytokines grew to $3.8 billion, largely driven by steep
price increases.
- Four kinds of
cytokines are currently available: interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ
and the interleukins.
IFN-β brands, indicated for multiple sclerosis (MS), are the biggest
sellers in the cytokines markets, constituting 76% of the total
sales of this sector.
- Cytokines and growth
factor related products in the multiplexed bead array market may
represent approximately 60-70% of product revenues.
- Recently, fluorescent
anti-cytokine and anti-chemokine monoclonal antibodies have become
very useful for the intracellular staining and multiparameter flow
cytometric analysis of individual cytokine-producing cells within
mixed cell populations.
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