- An
anesthetic agent is a drug that brings about a state of anesthesia.
A wide variety of drugs are used in modern anesthetic practice. Many
are rarely used outside of anesthesia, although others are used
commonly by all disciplines.
- Types of
anesthesia include local anesthesia, regional anesthesia, general
anesthesia, and dissociative anesthesia.
- Local
anesthesia inhibits sensory perception within a specific location on
the body, such as a tooth or the urinary bladder.
- Regional
anesthesia renders a larger area of the body insensate by blocking
transmission of nerve impulses between a part of the body and the
spinal cord.
- Two
frequently used types of regional anesthesia are spinal anesthesia
and epidural anesthesia.
- General
anesthesia refers to inhibition of sensory, motor and sympathetic
nerve transmission at the level of the brain, resulting in
unconsciousness and lack of sensation.
-
Dissociative anesthesia uses agents that inhibit transmission of
nerve impulses between higher centers of the brain (such as the
cerebral cortex) and the lower centers, such as those found within
the limbic system.
- The
anesthetic gas emissions from 1100 hospitals across Canada per year
are estimated to be over 1.1 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent.
- The
anesthetic gases and vapors that leak into the surrounding room
during medical procedures are considered waste anesthetic gases.
- It is
estimated that more than 250,000 health care professionals who work
in hospitals, operating rooms, dental offices and veterinary
clinics, are potentially exposed to waste anesthetic gases and are
at risk of occupational illness.
- The waste
anesthetic gases and vapors of concern are nitrous oxide and
halogenated agents (vapors) such as halothane, enflurane, isoflurane,
and desflurane.
- Some
potential effects of exposure to waste anesthetic gases are nausea,
dizziness, headaches, fatigue, and irritability, as well as
sterility, miscarriages, birth defects, cancer, and liver and kidney
disease, among operating room staff or their spouses (in the case of
miscarriages and birth defects).
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