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Anaerobic Digestion
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General
- Anaerobic digestion
is a series of processes in which microorganisms break down
biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen, used for industrial or
domestic purposes to manage waste and/or to release energy.
- Anaerobic digestion
technology is a powerful tool for managing organic farm waste,
particularly cow, swine and chicken
manure. In addition to reducing waste volume and odor, however, the
process also yields energy in the form of methane, or biogas.
- Anaerobic digestion
(AD) is a microbiological process that occurs naturally in the
environment, for example in
lagoons or in the stomach of ruminants.
- Under anaerobic
conditions, organic materials are biodegraded through a complex
microbiological process leading to the production of a more stabilized
organic material and biogas with high methane content.
Process
- The digestion
process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials in
order to break down insoluble organic
polymers such as carbohydrate and make them available for other
bacteria. Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino
acids into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and organic
acids. Acetogenic bacteria then convert these resulting organic
acids into acetic acid, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen, and
carbon dioxide. Finally, methanogens convert these products to
methane and carbon dioxide.
- AD equipment
consists, in simple terms, of a heated digester tank, a gasholder to
store the biogas, and a gas-burning engine/generator set, if
electricity is to be produced.
- The digestion
process takes place in a warmed, sealed airless container (the
digester), which creates the ideal conditions for the bacteria to
ferment the organic material in oxygenfree conditions.
- The digestion
tank needs to be warmed and mixed thoroughly to create the ideal
conditions for the bacteria to convert organic matter into biogas (a
mixture of carbon dioxide, methane and small amounts of other
gases).
Report
- In 2010, digesters produced
the equivalent of approximately 453 million kilowatt-hours (kWh) of
energy, enough to supply more than 25,000 average American homes for
a year.
- The use of household biogas
is most widespread in Asia.
In China, over 15 million households use biogas, and successful
programmes have been established in Nepal and Vietnam.
- In Sichuan Province alone,
2.58 million domestic biogas
plants had been constructed by the end of 2004.This number will be
increased to 5 million by the end of 2010.
- EPA estimates that 157
digester projects are operating on commercial scale livestock
facilities nationwide - July 2010
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